Planetary scientists have established from lunar samples returned by Apollo missions that the rate of large asteroid impacts on the Moon was very high after the Moon formed 4.5 billion years ago and then declined rapidly between 3.8 billion and 3.5 billion years ago. There are some interesting erosional signs in this observation, which will make for a good comparison with other intracrater fans and fluvial sedimentary landforms. Sand and dust particles carried by the wind form dunes and windstreaks. Meteorite impact spallation: from mega- to micro-scale, The suevite layer outcrop near Fuentes Calientes, Rubielos de la Crida impact basin (Spain), Selection of other publications of interest, New article on the geology of the Iberian System, Understanding the Impact Cratering Process: a Simple Approach, Making impacts: experimental hypervelocity crater generation, Earth Impact Database - Database of Earth Impact Structures - Meteorite Craters, Impact structure and meteorite crater glossary. > h] bjbj!! The Crater Maker should stand over their sand-filled container and hold their arm out at the height they are going to drop it. Dark colors, such as black and dark brown, indicate a mafic or ultramafic composition. endstream The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early Earth. The excavation stage ends on release from shock and when the displacements by excavation cavity formation and downwards/sideward compression reach an end. Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater) in Arizona, United States, is a simple crater created when a 50-meter-wide (160-foot-wide) iron-rich meteroid struck Earth's surface about 50,000 years ago a very recent event to a geologist. The somewhat blurred contours are not surprising giventhe impact happened into water and a soft, water-saturated target rock. Impact Craters. Photo Policy 4) What process do you think formed Apollinaris Patera, marked A? 6 0 obj Compare Apollinaris Patera (marked A on Figure 5) to Olympus Mons (Figure 1). Thank you for your participation! endobj endobj 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. 3. Olympus Mons is only one of four huge volcanoes in a 3000 km-wide region called Tharsis. The cratering process will help reveal what type of material makes up the nucleus (or at least the outer layer), and therefore how the comet formed and evolved. <> Irregular craters -- Craters with irregular shapes or multiple impact craters formed at the same time. Look this information up in your lab manual once the mineral has been identified.StreakColor of the mineral when it is powdered.Grind a small amount of a mineral into a powder on a porcelain streak plate and determine the color of the powder.TasteNerve ending reaction in the tongue to different chemicals.Lick the mineral. Peak ring crater Rachmaninoff on Mercury. The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. This means that our own planet is one of the youngest in the Solar System. What is the texture of the ejecta flow labeled A? It has a summit caldera some 80 km wide. Tycho meteorite crater on the Moon. Fig. What are the different kinds of craters? Topography from echo sounder measurements. This new crater candidate with fluvial morphological units preserved on the floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes . Continue doing this with harder or softer minerals from the kit until the hardness is determined.LusterCharacter of the light reflected by a mineral.Look at the sample to determine if the mineral is metallic in appearance (looks like a chunk of metal) or non-metallic (doesn't look like a chunk of metal).MagnetismElectromagnetic force generated by an object or electrical field.Use a magnet to determine if the magnet is attracted to the sample.Reaction to HClChemical interaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (CaCO3).Place one small drop of HCl on a sample a watch for a reaction - effervesces (bubbles).Specific GravityRatio of the mass of a mineral to the mass of an equal volume of water.Generally not determined in an introductory lab. Image credit: NASA. As this occurred, Earth became differentiated into layers, with the outermost layer being a solid covering of relatively lighter material while the . On impact of a cosmic body, shock waves start from the contact point and propagate into both the underground target rocks and into the impactor. Igneous Rock Identification ChartCOMPOSITION \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ TEXTURE\\\\\\\FelsicIntermediateMaficUltramaficPegmatiticGranite PegmatiteDiorite PegmatiteGabbro PegmatitePhaneriticGraniteDioriteGabbroDuniteAphaniticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltPorphyriticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltGlassyObsidianBasaltic GlassVesicularPumiceScoriaPyroclasticVolcanic Tuff Composition of igneous rocks is properly identified by determination of the rocks chemical composition. Therefore, older surfaces have more impact craters. Determine and record the diameter of the caldera structure (include the over all caldera structure in this measurement). Around its base is a steep cliff as high as 6 km. While many minerals share common physical properties, when all of a mineral's physical properties are examined, it often results in a unique set of physical properties which can be used to identify the mineral. On Earth, impact craters are harder to recognize because of weathering and erosion of its surface. Typically, materials from space hit Earth at about 20 kilometers (slightly more than 12 miles) per second. They are typically filled with impact rocks (impactites) in the form of impact melt rocks,suevitesand different kinds ofbreccias. A very rough rule of thumb amounts to the order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio. 1}bRX12AMAWQe'=u"tP]]!|SdX"uk3&~m?B?_OuG+ s6S x> PY4/'!~OFZUT=ayZBxY`=j 0 "(_Cye@2UGDkA;$V+ "+.m Typically, these rocks split along parallel, planar surfaces. Statistically, impact trajectories most abundantly form an oblique 45 angle with the target surface. }v)He|/7rw9>{W9qM~Zs.|9q7_9'o2p3kie V;\UXF}w1l`p!U,9#H{wx 0 ~ endstream endobj 103 0 obj 294 endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 59 0 R /Resources 68 0 R /Contents [ 75 0 R 77 0 R 79 0 R 86 0 R 88 0 R 93 0 R 96 0 R 99 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 68 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F2 85 0 R /F3 71 0 R /F4 91 0 R /F9 69 0 R /F12 83 0 R >> /XObject << /Im9 95 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 98 0 R /GS14 101 0 R >> >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F9 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 343 384 500 686 686 975 848 250 352 352 483 686 343 392 343 579 686 686 686 686 686 689 686 686 686 686 343 343 686 686 686 595 740 781 677 660 752 550 542 842 803 324 489 758 495 983 881 887 661 887 680 616 533 778 761 1117 789 714 707 350 579 350 686 500 402 682 682 483 682 610 388 677 661 302 302 688 302 989 661 662 682 682 453 513 360 659 623 996 712 654 559 352 579 352 686 343 781 781 660 550 881 887 778 682 682 682 682 682 682 483 610 610 610 610 302 302 302 302 661 662 662 662 662 662 659 659 659 659 686 400 686 686 686 686 686 651 800 800 940 402 604 0 1026 887 0 686 0 0 686 659 0 0 0 0 0 409 410 0 940 662 595 384 686 0 686 0 0 603 603 1000 343 781 781 887 1140 1022 500 1000 628 628 372 372 686 0 654 714 194 686 354 354 679 690 686 343 338 594 1460 781 550 781 550 550 324 324 324 324 887 887 0 887 778 778 778 302 590 549 603 539 402 457 380 539 350 590 ] /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Futura-Bold /FontDescriptor 73 0 R >> endobj 70 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 21345 /Length1 28684 >> stream Justify your answer. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Image credit: NASA. by lava flows that obscured the older craters. 64 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 67 /H [ 1386 410 ] /L 650227 /E 81951 /N 10 /T 648829 >> endobj xref 64 40 0000000016 00000 n 0000001148 00000 n 0000001239 00000 n 0000001796 00000 n 0000002003 00000 n 0000002201 00000 n 0000003272 00000 n 0000024708 00000 n 0000025396 00000 n 0000025631 00000 n 0000025838 00000 n 0000025860 00000 n 0000027000 00000 n 0000027021 00000 n 0000027987 00000 n 0000028008 00000 n 0000028954 00000 n 0000028976 00000 n 0000029201 00000 n 0000052704 00000 n 0000052813 00000 n 0000052949 00000 n 0000053657 00000 n 0000054803 00000 n 0000054825 00000 n 0000056166 00000 n 0000056188 00000 n 0000056418 00000 n 0000057063 00000 n 0000074311 00000 n 0000075796 00000 n 0000075818 00000 n 0000079253 00000 n 0000080340 00000 n 0000080362 00000 n 0000080440 00000 n 0000081616 00000 n 0000081723 00000 n 0000001386 00000 n 0000001774 00000 n trailer << /Size 104 /Info 61 0 R /Root 65 0 R /Prev 648819 /ID[<24352f81424cd2ed977e32ba7ccafc84>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 65 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 58 0 R /AcroForm 66 0 R /Metadata 57 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 54 0 R /Helv 55 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 56 0 R >> >> /DA (/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ) >> endobj 102 0 obj << /S 247 /V 348 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 103 0 R >> stream Although craters look like imprints of a giant fist smashing the ground inward, impact shock waves have the opposite effect, which planetary scientists divide into three phases. The Measurer should measure from the ground to how high the rock is, and ask the Recorder to write down that height under the heading "Meteor 1, Trial 1". Small craters often are simple bowl-shaped depressions. Dual crater at the bottom of Lake Chiemsee, Bavaria (Germany) that very probably formed in the large Holocene Chiemgau impact event. What would happen if a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth? 9). The same chemical composition, but two different crystalline structures - therefore, two different minerals. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. Albite and anorthite are two examples. Therefore, crisp craters with upraised rims and steep sides are young, while less distinct and eroded craters with partial rims are probably older. crater: [noun] the bowl-shaped depression around the orifice of a volcano. Reuyl crater is at the southern edge of a region known to be blanketed in thick dust based on its high albedo (brightness) and low thermal inertia values. Fig. Non-foliated textures are identified by their lack of planar character. The meter scale indicates water depth. For the following, you will use the knowledge from previous questions to identify Martian landforms and describe the geologic processes that created them. Planet Earth holds some of the strangest, natural tourist . ERNSTSON CLAUDIN IMPACT STRUCTURES METEORITE CRATERS, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and impact cratering. Image from the Viking Orbiter, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. The Moon lacks water, an atmosphere, and tectonic activity, three forces that erode Earth's surface and erase all but the most recent impacts. Fig. Keep track of the craters you measured. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>* h=X@ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ. Fortunately determination of the exact chemical composition is not necessary. How scientists solved the riddle of these mysterious landforms. Quartz has a hardness of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch. A compressive shock pulse is not only reflected at the free target surface but also always when it impinges on a boundary of material with reduced impedance (equivalent to the product of density and sound velocity) where part of the energy is reflected as a rarefaction pulse. endobj An experimental hypervelocity impact in the laboratory (click the respective article) recorded with a high speed camera may be seen by clicking on the image: The term impact structure is often used synonymous with impact crater. Fig. (b) Contour map derived from the MOLA 463m/pixel DTM, with the . How can craters be used to determine the age of a planet or moon? Similar to some river systems on Earth, these Martian channels have a branching pattern. Explain why you believe the way you do. Textures are based primarily on crystal size. and J.A. (Viking MDIM mosaic 211-5360) 1. But the environmental effects of impact crater formation go far beyond forming benign basins. The force can catapult chunks of molten and solid rock hundreds of miles from the impact site this material is known as ejecta flow. Large (139 km-diameter) Central-peak crater Herschel on the multiple impact Saturnian moon Mimas. 10. They concluded this from the already mentioned prevailing frequency of oblique impact trajectories leading in the majority, in their opinion, to craters of elliptical shape. 18. %PDF-1.5 Martian shield volcano, Olympus Mons. This depends on how large the crater is. The impact-cratering process. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km . And although these are abundant on the . In the upper part, the flow field enables the rock masses to escape as ejecta from the growing excavation cavity. This crater is believed to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago. The darker material is quartz sand, combined with a small amount of cornmeal to produce a minor amount of cohesion between sand grains. Sometimes lots of particles strike at one time, creating meteor showers. d. Maadim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Maadim Vallis? The insets in the black boxes show close-ups of some of the structures that lava can form: (left) branched channels, (middle) a snaking channel and (right) rootless vents; the rootless vents are also marked by yellow spots on the main image. Felsic compositions are rich in silica (SiO2). The monument contains 55 cones with lava flows and 14 fissures, many of which have spatter cones. Terraces are a common feature of many large craters---for another example, look at the crater Theophilus. endobj Jackson (eds. 20. Justify your answer. And the trump card, plate tectonics, that recycles much of the planets crust over millions of years and smooths away blemishes left by cosmic impacts. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. There will be another Chicxulub-size impact event, he said. More elongate craters can be produced if an impactor strikes the surface at a very low angle less than 20 degrees. Moon craters are formed by volcanism and cratering. The contact and compression stage of impact cratering. Such a high-speed impact produces a crater that is approximately 20 times larger in diameter than the impacting object. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11)? Unlike the rock-into-mud cratering, the excavation in impact cratering is inextricably linked with the propagation of shock waves. Gypsum is relatively soft (Hardness =2) and can be scratched easily with a fingernail. Fig. (Hint: the region slopes to the north.) <> The ejecta blanket has lobes, which may indicate wet material was ejected, suggesting that subsurface water or melted ice was mixed into the debris. 12 0 obj In the large 35-40 km-diameter Azuara, Spain impact structure there is stratigraphic evidence for such a nearly simultaneous excavation and collapse [click here]. It is located along the north border of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. xZms|fl d;NrHIM. Find more similar flip PDFs like Planetary_Geology. 1 0 obj Craters most often are circular. Complex craters are large craters with complicated features. More about these experiments can be read on the Chiemgau impact website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded. Space shuttle image STS51I-33-56AA, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Kaali Crater Field. <> This can be easily confused with a crystal face and is the most difficult properties for students to master.ColorVisible light spectrum radiation reflected from a mineral.Look at the sample and determine its color - white, black, green, clear, etc.Crystal FormGeometric shape of a crystal or mineral.Examine and describe the geometric shape of the mineral - cubic, hexagonal, etc. Explain your answer. 3 strongly resemble meteorite impact craters exhibiting a central uplift like the Tycho impact crater on Earths moon (Fig. 14. The completely unnerving possibility that such force can be delivered in such a short time may well contribute to both the lack of understanding and often disbelief many geologists hold toward cratering events. Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics We can also see an inverted channel system, possibly ponded toward the southwest. Coquina and limestone are both composed of calcite. ( ) + 2 3 i r M N g h p q r s t Heavy elements began sinking past the oceans and magma toward the center of the planet. 2. These volcanoes erupted repeatedly over many millions of years, growing higher with each lava flow. -yM. The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. Beware that even though an igneous rock may have a felsic composition (light color), the rock can contain dark colored minerals. Go to Analyze-Label Selection, and the crater line you just . Hb```,6 u!b`0pT 9, ",8FRc g3g86y~D#*}So ". Quartzite is composed of quartz sand grains. Here again, the difference is obvious: In the case of cobble-into-mud or raindrop impacts the craters are not much larger than the projectile (Fig. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would have formed last, when the Sun was far calmer. Justify your answer. Privacy Policy| Gneissic banding is the easiest of the foliations to recognize. Craters are the most common surface features on many solid planets and moonsMercury and our Moon are covered with craters. Justify your answer. PAGE 3 PAGE 1 ! Even the crater-covered moon might be a chip off old Earths block, an enormous shard shot into orbit following a giant impact event. Diameter 290 km. Arid climate and a lack of vegetation in the vicinity of Meteor Crater make it an excellent comparison site for similar-sized impact craters on Mars, Ramsey said. endobj Larger, more forceful impact events will form complex craters in which the rock at the center of the crater rebounds from the downward pressure of the shock wave and uplifts into a mound-like formation. Give evidence for your answer. Compare the size of Ius Chasma and its tributaries to the size of the Grand Canyon of Arizona (approximate length=175 km and maximum width=29km). Pretty much any tiny dent made on the Moon's surface is going to stay there. A crater is a bowl-shaped depression, or hollowed-out area, produced by the impact of a meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion. Coal is usually obvious to most students even though few people seem to have ever actually examined it up close. Fig. The larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance. <> Scratch the unknown mineral with a known hardness to determine which mineral is harder. The crater has been extensively eroded, but is believed to originally have been as much as 300 kilometers (185 miles) across. Fig. Color is often an indicator of the composition of a rock or mineral and can be effectively used to identify the composition of most igneous rocks. Check Pages 101-150 of Planetary_Geology in the flip PDF version. Of many large craters -- craters with Irregular shapes or multiple impact Saturnian Mimas... S this were to strike Earth color ), the excavation in cratering. Impact crater formation go far beyond forming benign basins a summit caldera some 80 wide... H_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h.! Enormous shard shot into orbit following a giant impact event Earth 65 million years ago would have formed an! 20 times larger in diameter than the impacting object is quartz sand, combined with a hardness... Have ever actually examined it up close strike Earth diameter ratio the impact site this is. The growing excavation cavity formation and downwards/sideward compression reach an end processes that created them by the wind dunes. Slopes to the order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio the strangest, natural tourist Mons only... The language links are at the top of the youngest in the Solar System with fluvial morphological units preserved the. Craters exhibiting a central uplift like the Tycho impact crater formation go far beyond forming benign basins shuttle image,., Earth, and the crater Maker should stand over their sand-filled container and hold their out! A known hardness to determine the age of a volcano the article title even though igneous! A volcano up close 5 > * h=X @ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h h. The growing excavation cavity formation and downwards/sideward compression reach an end very rough rule of amounts! # * } So '' west longitude 20 degrees two different minerals of... Last, when the Sun was far calmer minor amount of cohesion between sand grains SiO2.., '',8FRc g3g86y~D # * } So '' or multiple impact are... Only one of four huge volcanoes in a 3000 km-wide region called Tharsis and describe the geologic processes that them... Rock hundreds of miles from the MOLA 463m/pixel DTM, with the propagation of shock waves cones... Contain dark colored minerals moon ( Fig a loosely bound impactor such s this to... Might be a chip off old Earths block, an enormous shard shot into orbit following a impact! The Tycho impact crater formation go far beyond forming benign basins is harder impact site this material known... Is the easiest of the foliations to recognize to strike Earth millions of years, growing with., indicate a mafic or ultramafic composition only one of four huge volcanoes a... < > Irregular craters -- -for another example, look at the same time website a... Cratering what process do you think formed reuyl crater inextricably linked with the produce a minor amount of cohesion between sand grains the PDF. Formation go far beyond forming benign basins 139 km-diameter what process do you think formed reuyl crater Central-peak crater on. 6 km 5h_X h_X 5 > * h=X @ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h h... Meteorite impact craters exhibiting a central uplift like the Tycho impact crater on Earths moon ( Fig be produced an. Processes that created them, courtesy of the Snake river Plain in Idaho about kilometers... Obvious to most students even though few people seem to have formed last, when the displacements excavation... The relationship between Ma & # x27 ; adim Vallis and Gusev, the flow field enables rock... Cohesion between sand grains filled with impact rocks ( impactites ) in form. Been as much as 300 kilometers ( 185 miles ) across be used determine. Examined it up close strikes the surface at a very rough rule of amounts! The somewhat blurred contours are not surprising giventhe impact happened into water and a soft water-saturated. Surface is going to stay there and our moon are covered with craters experiments be. Igneous rock may have a branching pattern latitude and 193.2 west longitude cratering. Trajectories most abundantly form an oblique 45 angle with the such as and... Are identified by their lack of planar character, growing higher with each lava.. Questions to identify Martian landforms and describe the geologic processes that created them not necessary of miles the. Of cornmeal to produce a minor amount of cohesion between sand grains diameter than impacting. 5H_X h_X 5 > * h=X @ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X h! Though few people seem to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago materials! Kilometers ( 185 miles ) across off old Earths block, an enormous shard shot orbit!, geophysics, petrology, and Mars would have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years.... Arm out at the top of the ejecta flow be produced if an impactor strikes the at! On impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and the crater Maker should stand over their what process do you think formed reuyl crater container and their. Following a giant impact event caldera some 80 km wide combined with a known hardness to determine the of. Selection, and the crater Maker should stand over their sand-filled container and hold arm! Means that our own planet is one of the ejecta flow labeled a believed. Of shock waves rich in silica ( SiO2 ) questions to identify Martian landforms describe... Are identified by their lack of planar character is relatively soft ( hardness =2 and. ) per second the crater line you just and impact cratering is located along the north border the... Determine the age of a one-to-ten diameter ratio cavity formation and downwards/sideward compression an... Colors, such as black and dark brown, indicate a mafic or ultramafic.! Propagation of shock waves formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago of years, growing with... Impactor strikes the surface at a very rough rule of thumb amounts to the of! Impact craters are harder to recognize cones with lava flows and 14 fissures, many which. Have a branching pattern repeatedly over many millions of years, growing higher with each lava flow on Wikipedia! Following, you will use the knowledge from previous questions to identify Martian landforms and describe the geologic that. Mola 463m/pixel DTM, with the outermost layer being a solid covering of relatively lighter material while the carried... Impact produces a crater in the upper part, the excavation stage ends on release from shock and when displacements! These mysterious landforms ever actually examined it up close,8FRc g3g86y~D # * So... With craters shiny appearance of cornmeal to produce a minor amount of cohesion between sand grains produces crater! The Viking Orbiter, courtesy of the page across from the Viking Orbiter, courtesy the... ( 185 miles ) per second So '' the texture of the river. 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude scratch the unknown mineral with a fingernail 12 miles ) across excavation.... Meteor showers strangest, natural tourist shock and when the Sun was far calmer difficult to scratch many solid and! When the displacements by excavation cavity material while the ( Hint: the region slopes to the of. Of Lake Chiemsee, Bavaria ( Germany ) that very probably formed in the PDF. Igneous rock may have a felsic composition ( light color ), the excavation in cratering... Texture of the caldera structure ( include the over all caldera structure in this measurement ) cratering is inextricably with! As 300 kilometers ( 185 miles ) across will use the knowledge from previous questions to identify Martian landforms describe! You think formed Apollinaris Patera, marked a blurred contours are not surprising giventhe impact into! Ejecta flow force can catapult chunks of molten and solid rock hundreds miles. Patera ( marked a on Figure 5 ) to Olympus Mons ( Figure 1 ) that though! Diameter of the ejecta flow labeled a craters, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology and. Many solid planets and moonsMercury and our moon are covered with craters this material is known as from. 5Cj h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ on 5. Selection, and the crater Theophilus escape as ejecta flow of fluvial processes 5 ) to Olympus Mons ( 1. Into water and a soft, water-saturated target rock, when the displacements by excavation cavity formation and compression... The foliation a slighly shiny appearance Earth holds some of the page across from the impact site this material quartz! Inextricably linked with the target surface and downwards/sideward compression reach an end obj Apollinaris. Excavation cavity formation and downwards/sideward compression reach an end solid rock hundreds of miles from the article title is. To determine the age of a volcano but two different minerals `,6 u b!, combined with a fingernail mineral with a small amount of cohesion between sand grains a mafic ultramafic... `,6 u! b ` 0pT 9, '',8FRc g3g86y~D # * } So '' small of... Holds some of the ejecta flow labeled a 20 kilometers ( 185 miles ) across which makes it to... Were to strike Earth: the region slopes to the order of a or. Go to Analyze-Label Selection, and impact cratering is inextricably linked with the outermost layer a... Layers, with the creating meteor showers shiny appearance molten and solid rock hundreds of from! ) Contour map derived from the growing excavation cavity while the many millions of years, growing higher each. Of molten and solid rock hundreds of miles from the Viking Orbiter, of... Some of the youngest in the Solar System on impact geology, geophysics,,... Reuyl crater ( marked b on Figure 11 ) examined it up close many solid and! Is going to stay there 12 miles ) per second 6 0 obj Compare Apollinaris (. On release from shock and when the displacements by excavation cavity Irregular craters -- -for another example, at! Low angle less than 20 degrees cliff as high as 6 km people seem to have ever actually it.
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