Smart contracts can be upgraded using a proxy. This would effectively break all contract instances in your project. It increases by 1, which means our function is being successfully called from the implementation contract. Upgrades Plugins are only a part of a comprehensive set of OpenZeppelin tools for deploying and securing upgradeable smart contracts. NPM (Node Package Manager) and Node.js (Version 16.15 recommended) An upgrade then involves the following steps: Send a transaction to the proxy that updates its implementation address to the new one. This philosophy is beneficial to those interacting with smart contracts but not always to those writing them. In your migrations you are actually deploying a new contract using deployProxy. 10 is the parameter that will be passed to our initialValue function. Along with using Defender Admin to better manage the upgrade process. So, create Atm.sol. Your terminal should look like this: Terminal output from deploying deployV1.sol. While it is a fast approach to use the openzepplin plugin and it varies across teams, a better way to understand and do upgrades is to copy the transparency proxy sol files and related sol files from openzepplins into your project. This release of OpenZeppelin Contracts includes a new UUPSUpgradeable contract that is used to implement the UUPS proxy pattern. Propose the upgrade. Solidity allows defining initial values for fields when declaring them in a contract. If you have any feedback, feel free to reach out to us via Twitter. By default, only the address that originally deployed the contract has the rights to upgrade it. We can then run the script on the Rinkeby network to propose the upgrade. Truffle uses migrations to deploy contracts. does not reserve a storage slot for these variables, Soliditys rules on how contiguous items are packed. It has one state variable of type unsigned integer and two functions. To install, simply run, In your hardhat.config file, you need to load it in, Your hardhat.config.js file should be similar to this, Contract 1 (contracts/Atm.sol) (proxy contract), In your contracts folder, create a new .sol file. In the second contract, we merely add a function decrease(), which will decrease the value of the variable by 1. You should now see a few additional options on the TransparentUpgradeableProxys contract page. You can migrate to OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugins to deploy and upgrade your upgradeable contracts. Transparent vs UUPS Proxies Explaining the differences between the Transparent Proxy Pattern and the newly available UUPS Proxies. This allows anyone to interact with your deployed contracts and provides transparency. For instance, if you have the following contracts: Then modifying MyContract by swapping the order in which the base contracts are declared, or introducing new base contracts, will change how the variables are actually stored: You also cannot add new variables to base contracts, if the child has any variables of its own. When writing an initializer, you need to take special care to manually call the initializers of all parent contracts. If you do not have an account, create one here. We didnt need to deploy a new one at a new address, nor manually copy the value from the old Box to the new one. In summary, its best for the admin to be a dedicated account only used for its purpose which is obviously to be an admin. Instructions are available for both Truffle and Hardhat. Lastly, go into your MetaMask and copy the private key of one of your accounts. Hardhatnpm install --save-dev hardhat2. Integrate upgrades into your existing workflow. Click on Read as Proxy. Well be using VScode and will continue running our commands in the embedded terminal. Kindly leave a comment. When we want to upgrade, we should create unit tests for the new implementation contract, along with creating higher level tests for testing interaction via the proxy after we upgrade using upgradeProxy, checking that state is maintained across upgrades. This section will be more theory-heavy than others: feel free to skip over it and return later if you are curious. Therefore, we will also need a Smart Contract Admin proxy, so we are going to use the Transparent Upgradable Proxy OpenZeppelin implementation. (After a period of time) Create a new version of our implementation. You may want to uninstall the global version of OpenZeppelin CLI. It could be anything really. Instead, we call the upgradeProxy function. For a view of all contracts, you can check out my contracts at. Events. This can be an array of uint256 so that each element reserves a 32 byte slot. Once you create them there is no way to alter them, effectively acting as an unbreakable contract among participants. Upgrades Plugins to deploy upgradeable contracts with automated security checks. Providing . Once you have transferred the rights to upgrade a proxy or beacon to another address, you can still use your local setup to validate and deploy the implementation contract. Smart contracts in Ethereum are immutable by default. Open up your terminal, and run these commands in succession: This installs the dotenv library and sets up an .env file in our hardhat project, which we will use to store sensitive data. Keep in mind that the parameter passed to the. Refresh. This was a fairly advanced tutorial, and if you followed it thoroughly, you now understand how to deploy a basic upgradeable contract using the OpenZeppelin library. Deploy upgradeable contracts. Validate that the new implementation is upgrade safe and is compatible with the previous one. This allows you to iteratively add new features to your project, or fix any bugs you may find in production. We only need Create Admin proposals and contracts capabilities, so select this and set an optional note to describe the key. If you accidentally mess up with your contracts storage layout, the Upgrades Plugins will warn you when you try to upgrade. That is a default smart contract template provided by Hardhat and we dont need it. Update: Resolved in pull request #201 and merged at commit 4004ebf. To see each individual contract, you can click the Contract Creation link under the To field on the Transactions tab. I havent seen you since we met at the Smackathon contest in Miami back in 2019. Violating any of these storage layout restrictions will cause the upgraded version of the contract to have its storage values mixed up, and can lead to critical errors in your application. We need to specify the address of our proxy contract from when we deployed our Box contract. It is very important to work with this file carefully. This means that if the caller is not an admin, the proxy contract will not even consider executing any sort of upgrade function. Now that we have a blank canvas to work on, let us get down to painting it. The size of the __gap array is calculated so that the amount of storage used by a contract always adds up to the same number (in this case 50 storage slots). Under the agreement, the Nimitz will be dry-docked and receive underwater hull preservation and a renovated living quarters. A proxy to the implementation contract, which is the contract that you actually interact with. The Proxy Pattern At a high level, the proxy upgrade pattern involves deploying a proxy contract that delegates function calls to your logic and storage contracts. It is recommended to change the ownership of the ProxyAdmin after deployment to a multisig, requiring multiple owners to approve a proposal to upgrade. Truffle Tests (in javascript, with Web3.js, Moralis.io and other test helper libraries). Development should include appropriate testing and auditing. This allows you to iteratively add new features to your project, or fix any bugs you may find in production. Explaining the differences between the Transparent Proxy Pattern and the newly available UUPS Proxies. In order to create Defender Admin proposals via the API we need a Team API key. Think of a traditional contract between two parties: if they both agreed to change it, they would be able to do so. The code should look similar to this, Test your contract in test/Atm-test.js as illustrated below. By default, this address is the externally owned account used during deployment. This installs our Hardhat plugin along with the necessary peer dependencies. This protects you from upstream attacks. You should add .env to your .gitignore. We would normally test and then deploy to a local test network and manually interact with it. For example, deployProxy does the following: Validate that the implementation is upgrade safe. Now, run the following command in your terminal to start Hardhat: If everything is installed correctly, your terminal will look like this: Congratulations! When Hardhat is run, it searches for the nearest hardhat.config file. You also need to load it in your Hardhat config file: See the documentation for using Truffle Upgrades and Hardhat Upgrades, or take a look at the sample code snippets below. Choose your preference using this toggle! The script uses the deployProxy method which is from the plugin. Upgradeable contracts allow us to alter a smart contract to fix a bug, add additional features, or simply to change the rules enforced by it. We will create a script to deploy our upgradeable Box contract using deployProxy. Lets see how the OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugins accomplish this. Basically, there are two contracts: Contract 1 (proxy/point of access): This contract is a proxy or a wrapper that will be interacted with . Before we upgrade our contract, remember to paste your proxy contract address (e.g, TransparentUpgradeableProxy address) in the variable UPGRADEABLE_PROXY above. It's worth mentioning that these restrictions have their roots in how the Ethereum VM works, and apply to all projects that work with upgradeable contracts, not just OpenZeppelin Upgrades. Go to the Write as Proxy page and call the increase function. When working with upgradeable contracts using OpenZeppelin Upgrades, there are a few minor caveats to keep in mind when writing your Solidity code. See. Feel free to use the original terminal window youve initialized your project in. After creating the Solidity file, we can now upgrade the instance we had deployed earlier using the upgradeProxy function. Instead we would need to create a new Team API Key. const { alchemyApiKey, mnemonic } = require("./secrets.json"); // Declare state variables of the contract, // Allow the owner to deposit money into the account. JavaScript library for the OpenZeppelin smart contract platform Lines 3-5: We then create a function to deploy our V1 smart contract and then print a status message. Any secrets such as mnemonics or API keys should not be committed to version control. Now, let us run this script in the terminal: What basically happened here is that we called the upgrade function inside the proxy admin contract. Check out the flow chart below: Please note that the address of the user who calls a particular function (msg.sender) is critical here. An attacker who gets hold of your upgrade admin account can change any upgradeable contract in your project! If you go back to it, you will find that it is actually the address of our TransparentUpgradeableProxy contract. The initializer function is provided to us by upgrades, and whatever function we pass to it will be executed only once at the time of the contract deployment. UUPS and beacon proxies do not use admin addresses. Best of all, you don't need to do anything to activate the Solidity integrated SafeMath. Smart contracts deployed using OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugins can be upgraded to modify their code, while preserving their address, state, and balance. Thats it! Under the scripts folder, create a new file named upgradeV1.js. OpenZeppelin Upgradeable Contracts A variant of the popular OpenZeppelin Contracts library, with all of the necessary changes specific to upgradeable contracts. They have a library of modular, reusable, secure smart contracts for the Ethereum network, written in Solidity. In this guide we will use Alchemy, though you can use Infura, or another public node provider of your choice to connect to the network. Learn more about OpenZeppelin Contracts Upgradeable in Contracts: Using with Upgrades. It should look similar to this. It definitely calls for an upgrade. To propose the upgrade we use the Defender plugin for Hardhat. We can then copy and store our API Key and the Secret Key in our projects .env file. Create propose-upgrade.js in the scripts directory with the following code. You can rest with the confidence that, should a bug appear, you have the tools to modify your contract and change it. Hardhat users will be able to write scripts that use the plugin to deploy or upgrade a contract, and manage proxy admin rights. We hope to be able to implement safety checks for this in future versions of the Upgrades Plugins. We will be openzepplins hardhat-upgrades plugin. This is because the proxy now points to a new address, and we need to re-verify the contract as a proxy to read the state variable. Once this contract is set up and compiled, you can deploy it using the Upgrades Plugins. For creating upgradeable contracts we use Upgrades Plugins (rather than OpenZeppelin CLI as we halted development, see: Building for interoperability: why were focusing on Upgrades Plugins). I was thinking about transferOwnership() to be included in the Migrations.sol so the ownership can be transferred to the Gnosis Safe.. Our implementation contract, a ProxyAdmin and the proxy will be deployed. This deploys our implementation contract, a ProxyAdmin (the admin for our projects proxies) and the proxy, along with calling any initialization. You will find one file per network there. Take a look at what ERC20Upgradeable looks like in @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable: Whether using OpenZeppelin Contracts or another smart contract library, always make sure that the package is set up to handle upgradeable contracts. Voila! This is because our proxy contract (e.g, TransparentUpgradeableProxy) has already been deployed, here we just deploy a new implementation contract (V2) and pass that to the proxy contract. Contract 2 (logic contract): This contract contains the logic. And this process is the same regardless of whether you are working on a local blockchain, a testnet, or the main network. Personally architected, implemented, and tested the complete smart contract system, including . We also need to add our Defender Team API key to the exported configuration in hardhat.config.js: Our hardhat.config.js should then look as follows: Once we have setup our configuration we can propose the upgrade. In this guide we will add an increment function to our Box contract. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate exactly how this is done by creating and deploying an upgradeable smart contract from scratch using OpenZeppelin and Hardhat. As an example, lets write a new version of the Box contract with an initializer, storing the address of an admin who will be the only one allowed to change its contents. This checks the new implementation for upgrade safety, deploys the contract and creates a proposal. OpenZeppelin Upgradeable Contracts use the proxy pattern for upgradeability. Recall our proxy address from our deployment console above as we would be needing it here. For UUPS and transparent proxies, use deployProxy and upgradeProxy as shown above. Registering an Upkeep on Chainlink Keepers, How to manage roles on a TimelockController, Automated Security Monitoring of Factory Clones, Pause Guardian Automated Incident Response, Automate Relayer Balance Using a Forta Bot, OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugins for Hardhat, OpenZeppelin Upgrades: Step by Step Tutorial for Hardhat. Once we have proposed the upgrade, the owners of the multisig can review and approve it using Defender Admin. This guide will walk you through the process of upgrading a smart contract in production secured by a multisig wallet, using Defender Admin as an interface, and Hardhat scripts behind the scenes. Start Coding Bootstrap your smart contract creation with OpenZeppelin Contracts Wizard. Thanks to OpenZeppelin though, you can now deploy upgradeable contract systems with ease using the familiar Truffle tool suite! Inside, paste the following code: There is just one change in this script as compared to our first one. Subscribe to our newsletter for more articles and guides on Ethereum. expect((await atm.getBalance()).toString()).to.equal("0"); $ npx hardhat run --network localhost scripts/deploy-atm.js. If the caller is not an admin, the call is forwarded or delegated to the implementation contract without any further delay. If you dont know where to start we suggest to start with. It includes the most used implementations of ERC standards. OpenZeppelin Hardhat Upgrades Hardhat plugin for deploying and managing upgradeable contracts. See the documentation for Hardhat Upgrades and Truffle Upgrades for examples. (see: https://docs.openzeppelin.com/learn/developing-smart-contracts#setting-up-a-solidity-project). Manage proxy admin rights. github.com technoplato/nash/blob/upgrading/migrations/3_nash_v3.js#L7 const { deployProxy, upgradeProxy } = require ("@openzeppelin/truffle-upgrades"); This feature has been highly sought after by developers working in the space. The fact that Sale seemed so outwardly pleased on Wednesday at least leaves option A in play. Announcing the Winners of the Solidity Underhanded Contest , https://docs.openzeppelin.com/learn/developing-smart-contracts#setting-up-a-solidity-project, Building for interoperability: why were focusing on Upgrades Plugins, https://docs.openzeppelin.com/learn/upgrading-smart-contracts, OpenZeppelin Upgrades: Step by Step Tutorial for Truffle, OpenZeppelin Upgrades: Step by Step Tutorial for Hardhat, https://blog.openzeppelin.com/openzeppelin-contracts-3-4/, https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/3.x/upgradeable, https://docs.openzeppelin.com/upgrades-plugins/1.x/migrate-from-cli. One last caveat, remember how we used a .env file to store our sensitive data? Thus, the proxy contract calls the appropriate function from the implementation contract on behalf of msg.sender, the end-user. The plugins support the UUPS, transparent, and beacon proxy patterns. I did a fresh npm install of the OpenZeppelin library on my Ubntu 14.04 box using the command shown in the current docs: But when I type *openzeppelin --version" at the command line I still see version 2.8.2: Is this a repository issue or npm issue? You will not be able to do so. After a period of time, we decide that we want to add functionality to our contract. Custom Copy to Clipboard Open in Remix Settings Name Symbol Premint Assuming you are already familiar with Truffle you could stick with that. Though depending on what version of OpenZeppelin Contracts you had previously used, you may not be able to upgrade versions due to changes with state variables. The Contract Address 0x989128b929abf468cbf2d885ea8de7ac83e46ae2 page allows users to view the source code, transactions, balances, and analytics for the contract . A tutorial on using the UUPS proxy pattern: what the Solidity code should look like, and how to use the Upgrades Plugins with this new proxy pattern. Save the files that you have been working with and navigate back to the terminal. Refer to each plugin documentation for more details on the admin functions. Line 1: First, we import the relevant plugins from Hardhat. It is different from the deployment procedure we are used to. As a consequence, the proxy is smaller and cheaper to deploy and use. Copy the HTTP URL and paste it into the RPC_URL variable in your .env file. My old environment consisted of using Truffle for development along with the zos-cli environment and Basil. Proxy Contracts A complete list of all available proxy contracts and related utilities, with documentation relevant for low-level use without Upgrades Plugins. We will create a migration script to deploy our upgradeable Box contract using deployProxy. It allows us to freely add new state variables in the future without compromising the storage compatibility with existing deployments. Do not leave an implementation contract uninitialized. The address determines the entire logic flow. We can then interact with our Box contract to retrieve the value that we stored during initialization. We want to add a new feature to our contract, a simple feature which is to include an add function that adds 500 to our balance. If it was OpenZeppelin Contracts Ethereum Package 2.x then you wont be able to upgrade your contract to use OpenZeppelin Contracts Upgradeable 3.x due to state layout changes. By separating the contract the user interacts with from the contract holding the contract's functionality, the code can effectively be "upgraded" by deploying a new implementation and pointing the proxy to that new address. The first step will be to create an upgradeable contract. You just deployed an upgradeable smart contract and then upgraded it to include a new function. Some scenarios call for modification of contracts. Prerequisite: knowledge of how to set up dev environment and how to write smart contracts. Create a scripts directory in our project root and then create the following deploy.js script in the scripts directory. If the contract can be made to delegatecall into a malicious contract that contains a selfdestruct, then the calling contract will be destroyed. A multisig contract to control our upgradeable contract. To learn how to access your private key, check out this short guide. Lines 6-8: We then deploy our contract V1 by calling deployProxy from the upgrades plugin. Lets deploy our newly added contract with additional feature, we use the run command and deploy the AtmV2 contract to dev network. Create a contracts directory in our project root and then create Box.sol in the contracts directory with the following Solidity code. To confirm everything runs correctly, save all your files and compile the contracts once more by running the command: If you followed all the steps correctly, Hardhat will compile your contracts again and give you a confirmation message. Happy building! To learn more about this and other caveats when writing upgradeable contracts, check out our Writing Upgradeable Contracts guide. While learning how to upgrade contract you might find yourself in a situation of conflicting contracts on the local environment. If the caller is however the admin, in this case, our ProxyAdmin contract, the call is not automatically delegated, and any of the functions of the proxy contract can be executed, including the upgrade function. We can use deployProxy in our tests just like we do when we deploy. Run this command in the terminal: Note, you'll need to input the V2 contract address in the command above. We will use the Hardhat console to interact with our upgraded Box contract. Lets see it in action. 8/ ERC20 (1) https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/wizard - klik ERC20 - podajemy nazw i symbol - podajemy ilo (np. by replacing Method. We then need to configure Hardhat to use our @openzeppelin/hardhat-upgrades plugin. The Contract Address 0x6de7fda3763f94e7a5cfbc8b64fdc5b42baf80f9 page allows users to view the source code, transactions, balances, and analytics for the contract . npm install --save-dev @openzeppelin/hardhat-upgrades @nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers ethers, //Using alchemy because I intend to deploy on goerli testnet, an apikey is required. However, keep in mind that since its a regular function, you will need to manually call the initializers of all base contracts (if any). The function __{ContractName}_init_unchained found in every contract is the initializer function minus the calls to parent initializers, and can be used to avoid the double initialization problem, but doing this manually is not recommended. You can then execute the upgrade itself from the admin or owner address. A software engineer. Now the final steps. Development should include appropriate testing and auditing. A Hardhat project with Hardhat Upgrades plugin, Hardhat Defender, ethers.js and dotenv installed. You may have noticed that we included a constructor as well as an initializer. Under the scripts folder, delete the sample-script.js file and create a new file named deployV1.js. That is because, as of now, any user who wants to interact with our implementation contract will actually have to send their calls through the proxy contract. We will use the Truffle console to interact with our upgraded Box contract. If you want to know about how to modify a contract to be upgradeable, you can refer to OpenZeppelin docs: link. Lets pause and find out. In this guide we will use the Box.sol contract from the OpenZeppelin Learn guides. Upgrades Plugins - OpenZeppelin Docs GitHub Forum Blog Website Upgrades Plugins Integrate upgrades into your existing workflow. OpenZeppelin has released a new set of tools in partnership with Truffle, Nomic Labs and Gnosis Safe to make it easy to deploy and manage upgradeable smart contracts. If your contract is going to be deployed with upgradeability, such as using the OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugins, you will need to use the Upgrade Safe variant of OpenZeppelin Contracts. This causes the TransparentUpgradeableProxy proxy contract to now point to the address of the newly deployed V2 contract. How cool is that! Before we work with the file, however, we need to install one last package. Transactions require gas for execution, so make sure to have some ETH available. Storage gaps are a convention for reserving storage slots in a base contract, allowing future versions of that contract to use up those slots without affecting the storage layout of child contracts. The purpose of the file was to prevent our sensitive data from being published publicly, thus compromising our assets on the blockchain. It follows all of the rules for Writing Upgradeable Contracts: constructors are replaced by initializer functions, state variables are initialized in initializer functions, and we additionally check for storage incompatibilities across minor versions. Block. What does change is the state of the proxy contract, which is determined on the basis of what is returned from the implementation contract when the required function executes. If the direct call to the logic contract triggers a selfdestruct operation, then the logic contract will be destroyed, and all your contract instances will end up delegating all calls to an address without any code. Only code is stored in the implementation contract itself, while the state is maintained by the TransparentUpgradeableProxy contract. Because of this, a transfer in the implementation contracts code will actually transfer the proxys balance, and any reads or writes to the contract storage will read or write from the proxys own storage. BAE Systems will also deliver updates for the ship's Aegis combat . You can get some at this faucet. We will use the following hardhat.config.js for deploying to Rinkeby. We will create a migration JavaScript to upgrade our Box contract to use BoxV2 using upgradeProxy. Give yourselves a pat on the back. You can have multiple proxies using the same implementation contract, so you can save gas using this pattern if you plan to deploy multiple copies of the same contract. In this guide we dont have an initialize function so we will initialize state using the store function. Lets recap the steps weve just gone through: Wrote and deployed an upgradeable contract, Transferred upgrade rights for our upgradeable contract to a multisig wallet, Validated, deployed, and proposed a new implementation, Executed the upgrade proposal through the multisig in Defender Admin. Defender Admin to manage upgrades in production and automate operations. We can then deploy our upgradeable contract. The industries' best trust us, and so can you. And it also allows us to change the code by just having the proxy delegate to a different implementation contract. To obtain a key, from the Defender menu in the top right corner select Team API Keys and then select Create API Key. Upgradeable Contracts to build your contract using our Solidity components. Now create a new file in the contracts folder, named contractV1.sol, and paste the following code in the file: This contract is pretty simple. The proxy admin contract also defines an owner address which has the rights to operate it. ), to add additional features, or simply to change the rules enforced by it. This means you should not be using these contracts in your OpenZeppelin Upgrades project. Available for both Hardhat and Truffle. Defender, ethers.js and dotenv installed, written in Solidity contracts use the.... Slot for these variables, Soliditys rules on how contiguous items are packed is a default contract... 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Least leaves option a in play learn more about OpenZeppelin contracts Wizard about this and set an optional note describe... Going to use the Defender menu in the scripts folder, create a new contract using deployProxy with. Better manage the upgrade we use the Box.sol contract from when we deployed our contract... View the source code, while the state is maintained by the TransparentUpgradeableProxy contract parameter will. Our first one Hardhat and we dont need it needing it here deployed earlier using the Truffle... Contract in your project in bugs you may find in production podajemy ilo ( np of contracts! Find that it is actually the address of our proxy contract from the OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugins only... Forwarded or delegated to the implementation contract without any further delay normally test and then the! One last package add new features to your project in need a smart template. Address, state, and so can you even consider executing any sort of upgrade function you. Upgrade your upgradeable contracts, check out my contracts at yourself in a situation of conflicting contracts on the.., should a bug appear, you 'll need to install one last package how the OpenZeppelin learn.. The familiar Truffle tool suite contract contains the logic a selfdestruct, then the calling contract not! With ease using the upgradeProxy function proxy to the terminal: note, you need install. Deploy and upgrade your upgradeable contracts guide contract from the deployment procedure we are used to implement checks... Code: there is no way to alter them, effectively acting as initializer. Forwarded or delegated to the implementation openzeppelin upgrade contract without any further delay included a constructor as well as an unbreakable among. Hardhat is run, it searches for the contract different implementation contract an owner address rules. Testnet, or fix any bugs you may find in production and automate openzeppelin upgrade contract contract be... The code should look like this: terminal output from deploying deployV1.sol and set an optional note to describe key! It is actually the address of the newly available UUPS Proxies a storage slot for these variables Soliditys! Proxies, use deployProxy and upgradeProxy as shown above the logic: there is just one in... Now upgrade the instance we had deployed earlier using the Upgrades Plugins are a. It using Defender admin to manage Upgrades in production and automate operations your storage. The most used implementations of ERC standards your project terminal should look like:... Causes the TransparentUpgradeableProxy proxy contract calls the appropriate function from the plugin to deploy our contract for examples with navigate... All contract instances in your migrations you are already familiar with Truffle could. To now point to the terminal are packed Truffle Upgrades for examples to the terminal with,...

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