We conducted nine more studies with nearly 5,500 participants, mostly . [12] Two days after Empress Marie died, his father told him, I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukova is definite" but assured him that "your rights will be safeguarded.[13] Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life.[14] His father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the marriage. Any liberal proposals in government were quickly dismissed. Date accessed: March 02, 2023 Corrections? The look of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me. "[6], Unlike his extroverted wife, Alexander disliked social functions and avoided St. Petersburg. However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II (for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. Get our help and advice choosing services and options to plan a prefect train journey. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich (the future Emperor Alexander III) was the second son of Alexander II and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. (Note: all dates prior to 1918 are in the Old Style Calendar), married 16 November 1916, Colonel Nikolai Kulikovsky (18811958); had two children. Outside of politics, Alexander was additionally known for a striking appearance, with an American historian later noting how he stood out as being a "tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength." He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. He had one elder brother, Nicolas. At the moment of the crash, the imperial family was in the dining car. The most dramatic success came in 1885, settling long-standing tensions with Great Britain, which was fearful that Russian expansion to the south would be a threat to India. An account from the memoirs of the artist Alexander Benois gives one impression of Alexander III: After a performance of the ballet Tsar Kandavl at the Mariinsky Theatre, I first caught sight of the Emperor. The events in eastern Europe in 2021 and 2022, coming just as the world emerged from the Covid-19 pandemic, also unfolded against a fraught geopolitical backdrop: In 2014, Russia had already . Alexander III (Russian: III , tr. Their marriage was a happy one with no known infidelity. In the area of foreign policy, Alexander's efforts resulted in an unprecedented respite of thirteen years of peace. It was believed that he had, barring assassination, many years left to his reign. Shortly after becoming Tsar, Alexander III issued a statement asserting his belief in unshakable autocracy. Alexander III's Net Worth: $1-5 Million. Born in St Petersburg on February 26, 1845 (old style), he was the second son of Alexander II, the "Tsar Liberator" who had freed the serfs. He ascended the throne March 14, 1881, the day after the assassination of his father, Alexander II. Forceful, formidable, fiercely patriotic, and at 6' 4" towered over his fellow countrymen. This event would solidify the reactionary tone of his 13-year reign. His reign cannot be regarded as an eventful period of Russian history; but under his hard rule the country made considerable progress.[34]. Alexander III is best known as a Emperor. Tsarist and Communist Russia Alexander III Alexander III Alexander III Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Alexander III became ill with incurable kidney disease in early 1894 and died on 1 November 1894, at the age 6f 49. His reign is often referred to as the Age of Counter Reform. His teacher instilled in the young man a zeal for Russian Orthodox thought which would influence many of his decisions once he became the emperor. [11], Alexander resented his father for having a long-standing relationship with Catherine Dolgorukov (with whom he had several illegitimate children) while his mother, the Empress, was suffering from chronic ill-health. To his credit he stabilized the Russian government and maintained peace with his European and Asian neighbors. At palace balls, he was impatient for the events to end. He had no idea that the causes he cared for and the means at which he obtained them would cause the eventual destruction of the way of life and government he cherished so deeply. One cannot fault Alexander's reaction to his father's death. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894) [1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. Mirotvorets, IPA:[mrtvorts]). [64][65] Alexander III is believed to be one of Putin's admired historic leaders, along with Joseph Stalin. In such policies Alexander III followed the advice of Konstantin Pobedonostsev, who retained control of the Church in Russia through his long tenure as Procurator of the Holy Synod (from 1880 to 1905) and who became tutor to Alexander's son and heir, Nicholas. While his brother Nicolasthe tsarevich or heir apparentwas groomed to be the future king, Alexander only received the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. This policy is known in Russia as "counter-reforms" (Russian: ). In order to achieve this goal, he implemented a stringent policy of Russification of national minorities. As he passed where I was standing, he raised his head for a second, and to this day I can remember what I felt as our eyes met. John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 101, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 132, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 133, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 407, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 409, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 415, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 441, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 442, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 86, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 451, I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration. "[56], On 29 October[O.S. Navigate St. Petersburgs dining scene and find restaurants to remember. During the years of his reign Russia was not involved in even a single major war. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alexander-iii-of-russia-6260.php, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia. Also Known As: Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov, siblings: Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, children: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, See the events in life of Alexander III Of Russia in Chronological Order, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQidSbLmRLM, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvRHs0X7RCw. In 1865, Nicolas died suddenly and Alexander became heir apparent (as Tsarevich). Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia remembered hearing Alexander say, To think that after having faced the guns of the Turks I must retreat now before these skunks. [23], Alexander weakened the power of the zemstvo (elective local administrative bodies) and placed the administration of peasant communes under the supervision of land-owning proprietors appointed by his government, "land captains" (zemskiye nachalniki). With regard to Bulgaria he exercised similar self-control. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. Updates? At the same time, Russia gradually annexed the territory of Turkmenistan and increased its presence in the Far East, where Japan's active policies were causing the country great concern. Alexander III Of Russia detail biography, family, facts and date of birth. )[citation needed] Other conservative advisors included Count D. A. Tolstoy (minister of education, and later of internal affairs) and I. N. Durnovo (D. A. Tolstoy's successor in the latter post). Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russian, is Former Emperor of All Russia. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Lacking the sophistication and refinement generally associated with men of royal lineage, Alexander III prided himself on being rough and unrefined. As a result of the assassination, Alexander III would not consider granting the constitution. Mikhail Katkov and other journalists supported the emperor in his autocracy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Emperors, Former Emperor of all Russia, Kings, Historical Personalities, Emperors & Kings, Leaders, Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, Russian Orthodox Church, Eastern Christianity. (Pobedonostsev appears as "Toporov" in Tolstoy's novel Resurrection. Though he lived in the large Gachina Palace, he chose to live in the renovated servants area. Alexander III of Russia is best remembered as a man of peace. Although an enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the ballet, Alexander was seen as lacking refinement and elegance. Queen Victoria commented that she thought him as "a sovereign whom she does not look upon as a gentlemen". 1871), Xenia (b. ", Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19, Alexander Mikhailovich, Once a Grand Duke, p. 65, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.29, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459, Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54, John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 121, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.128, Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. [citation needed] Girs was an architect of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1891, which was later expanded into the Triple Entente with the addition of Great Britain. During his reign the autocracy stabilized and dissent was forced underground. [66] On 5 June 2021, he unveiled another monument to Alexander on the site of Gatchina Palace, Leningrad Oblast.[67]. He had long viewed the reforms of the mid-19th century as too liberal and permissive. Xenia and Olga were able to escape Russia along with their mother during the Revolution. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Michael McConnell, Steve Thompson Alexanders political ideal was a nation containing only one nationality, one language, one religion, and one form of administration, and he did his utmost to prepare for the realization of this ideal by imposing the Russian language and Russian schools on his German, Polish, and Finnish subjects, by fostering Orthodoxy at the expense of other confessions, by persecuting the Jews, and by destroying the remnants of German, Polish, and Swedish institutions in the outlying provinces. It yielded six children including the future Nicholas II. In 1894, Alexander III became ill with terminal kidney disease (nephritis). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. "[39], In the 1860s, Alexander fell in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya. Alexander wrote in his diary "Farewell, dear Dusenka. He was also known as Alexander the Peacemaker, due to the peace his rule heralded with his European and Asian neighbors. [26] They banned Jews from inhabiting rural areas and shtetls (even within the Pale of Settlement) and restricted the occupations in which they could engage.[27][28]. Aleksndr II Nikolyevich, IPA: [lksandr ftroj nklajvt]; 29 April 1818 - 13 March 1881) [a] was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. Alexander's father, Alexander II, was assassinated by members of the extremist organization Narodnaya Volya. This included acquaintance with French, English and German, and military drill.[8]. Born at St. Petersburg, March 10, 1845; died at Livadia, Nov. 1, 1894. Polunov, A. Iu. As a young man he was madly in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya and wanted to marry her. In the other provinces he clipped the feeble wings of the zemstvo (an elective local administration resembling the county and parish councils in England) and placed the autonomous administration of the peasant communes under the supervision of landed proprietors appointed by the government. The Industrial Revolution had finally come to Russia and capitalism was taking root. On the very day of his death he signed an ukaz creating a number of consultative commissions that might have been transformed eventually into a representative assembly. However when his brother Nicolas was in his deathbed, he asked Alexander to marry his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark. To many westerners he appeared crude and not overly intelligent. Alexander and his wife regularly spent their summers at Langinkoski manor along the Kymi River near Kotka on the Finnish coast, where their children were immersed in a Scandinavian lifestyle of relative modesty. As a young man he was madly in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya and wanted to marry her. "[41] In 1885, he commissioned Peter Carl Faberg to produce the first of what were to become a series of jeweled Easter eggs (now called "Faberg eggs") for her as an Easter gift. [37], Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the Winter Palace. Industrial development increased during his reign. At Nicholas request, Alexander married his late brothers fiance, Dagmar, a Danish princess. Alexander III was known to be a man of peace when it came to foreign relations with other nations. His father, however, occasionally ridiculed the exaggerations of the Slavophiles and based his foreign policy on the Prussian alliance. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. [4], Alexander was extremely strong. Construction began on the Trans-Siberian Railway. By the time of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Alexander was in the theater of operations and headed a large force known as the Eastern Detachment that was assigned the task of capturing the Ruschuk fortress on the banks of the Danube. Its roof collapsed, and Alexander held its remains on his shoulders as the children fled outdoors. As a result, Alexander relocated his family to the Gatchina Palace, located 30 kilometres (20mi) south of St. Petersburg. In his childhood, he had had an unpleasant experience on a bad-tempered mount. The new Emperor believed that remaining true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (the ideology introduced by his grandfather, emperor Nicholas I) would save Russia from revolutionary agitation. The best doctors of the time were called to help, but none were able to save the dying Emperor. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. The oath of allegiance to the throne and to the autocracy was made by his eldest son, the last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II. It contains 184,951 words in 296 pages and was updated on February 20, 2023. Alexander III of Russia is a Leaders, zodiac sign: Aries. Biography Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. Alexander II was mortally wounded and died shortly thereafter. At the same time, the country experienced an economic upturn: preparations were made for a monetary reform and the introduction of the gold-backed rouble, a tax reform was introduced, customs regulations adopted, and the introduction of a government monopoly on the wine trade increased tax revenues. The palace was surrounded by moats, watch towers, and trenches, and soldiers were on guard night and day. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. [48] Even at the end of his life, he considered Nicholas a child and told him, "I can't imagine you as a fianc how strange and unusual! (editor, 1967) ". Having succeeded to the throne on the assassination of his father, Alexander II, he rejected the latter's plans for constitutional reform. Even though he did not play an important role in the public life as the heir apparent, he made it clear to his father that many of his own beliefs did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. Finally, Alexander was hopelessly out of touch with the emerging realities of a modern industrialized Russia. [citation needed] These ideas conflicted with those of his father, who had German sympathies despite being a patriot; Alexander II often used the German language in his private relations, occasionally ridiculed the Slavophiles and based his foreign policy on the Prussian alliance. [52] When Alexander and his family survived the Borki train disaster in 1888, Alexander joked, "I can imagine how disappointed Vladimir is going to be when he learns that we all stayed alive! Raymond A. Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885,", Charles Jelavich, "Russo-Bulgarian relations, 1892-1896: with particular reference to the problem of the bulgarian succession. All rights reserved. He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. [62] Soon after, his health began to deteriorate more rapidly. Alexander ascended to the Russian throne at a very dark hour: in 1881, after his father, Alexander II, had been assassinated by terrorists. [2] He was highly reactionary and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. [18][19][20][21], Alexander III disliked the extravagance of the rest of his family. The terrible fate of the latter produced an awful impression upon Alexander, but instead of continuing the reforms of the "Czar-Emancipator," as was expected, heat once gave . The reign of Alexander III began with the assassination of Alexander II in March 1881. Contemporaries noted his sturdy health, athletic build and exceptional modesty in everyday life. That time was no more. . Bound by duty, he left his lady-love and married Princess Dagmar of Denmark (later known as Maria Feodorovna) in 1866 in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, reigned from 1881 to 1894. Michael is sometimes considered 'Tsar for a day', as Nicholas abdicated in his favor in 1917 before he, too, renounced the throne. He was born as Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, to Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). Born: St.Petersburg, 26 February (10 March) 1845Died: Livadiya, 20 October (1 November) 1894Reigned: 1881-1894. After her conversion to Orthodoxy, she took the name of Marie Fedorovna. The efforts of Prince Alexander and afterwards of Stambolov to destroy Russian influence in the principality roused his indignation, but he vetoed all proposals to intervene by force of arms. Alexander Alexandrovich (Russian: ) (10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894), known historically as Alexander III or Alexander the Peacemaker reigned as Emperor of Russia from 13 March [O.S. He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. [52] Alexander was so furious that he temporarily exiled Vladimir and his wife and threatened to exile them permanently to Siberia if they did not leave immediately. As the year progressed, his health deteriorated at an alarming rate. "[42] He died in Dagmar's arms, and his daughter Olga noted that "my mother still held him in her arms" long after he died.[43]. Russian language, culture and religion were imposed on peoples across the empire (Russification). One can only imagine the rage he, his wife and children felt as they watched the Tsar bleed and die in a St Petersburg palace. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached Constantinople and the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the Congress of Berlin. Alexander had six children by Dagmar, five of whom survived into adulthood: Nicholas (b. ", Despite his initial reluctance, Alexander grew fond of Dagmar. [36] Also during his reign, construction of the Trans Siberian Railway was started. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He had one elder brother, Nicolas. Coronation of Maria Fyodorovna and Alexander III, Emperor Alexander III with his wife and children, The dining car and grand-ducal wagon of the Russian Imperial train after the accident on 17 October 1888, The body of Tsar Alexander III in his chair with Empress Maria Fedorovna alongside (from the album. ", I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s.". In his opinion, Russia was to be saved from anarchical disorders and revolutionary agitation not by the parliamentary institutions and so-called liberalism of western Europe but by the three principles of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost. His extroverted wife, Alexander III was known to be highly conservative and a supporter... 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